Kurs:Biologie der Antarktis

Aus Wikiversity

Durchgeführt vom Institut für Meeresbiologie am Fachbereich Biologie.

Hier entsteht ein Wikiversity e-teaching Kurs. Kooperatoren sind sehr herzlich eingeladen.

Es existiert parallel ein weiterer Kurs: Kurs:Meeresbiologie.

Faculty Patron: Uwe Kils (credentials) (Studenten Bewertung)

Audio conference skype name: uwekils

aim name: kils@mac.com

Video conference iVISIT name: kils

Kommunikation

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Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Prolog 2 Institutes 3 Ships 4 Ice-ecosystems 5 Phytoplankton 6 Ice algae 7 Copepods 8 Krill 9 Fish 10 Benthos 11 Penguins 12 other Birds 13 Mammals 14 Whales 15 Food Web 16 Instrumentation and new investigation strategies 17 Carbon Sequestration 18 Epilog 19 Literature

[Bearbeiten] Prolog

The polar oceans cover 53 million square kilometers - that is over 5 times the area of the USA inclusive Alaska and Hawaii.

The packice zones, pulsating each season over 30 million square kilometers, are considered by many scientists as the "lungs of the planet".

These areas support life in astonishing quantities, forms, toughness and beauty: Whales and birds traveled from all over the world and relied on the abundant energy sources of this gigantic packice zone, today scientists travel there and hope to find knowledge how our planet changed recently and if some developments might be slowed down.

This "Ice Life" course introduces into the basics of these gigantic, remote, strange, mystic, fascinating ecosystems, gives insight to traditional and modern investigation strategies and tools.

[Bearbeiten] Institutes

• British Antarctic Survey
• Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI)
• Institut für Polarökologie
• Norsk Polarinstitutt
• Zoological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences

[Bearbeiten] Ships

• POLARSTERN dayly operating cost: 30 000 dollars

• James Clark Ross

[Bearbeiten] Ice-ecosystems

Antarctica and Southern Ocean.

The packice zone pulsates over the year over an area twice the size of the USA inclusive Alaska, and ice algae grow on the underside of the ice, this is "The Biggest Lawn of the Planet". The dominating feature is the strong Antarctic Circumpolar Current.

• Online WEB CAM

[Bearbeiten] Phytoplankton

Phytoplankton

Fragilariopsis kerguelensis, a diatom with its beautiful glass shell, is one of the dominant algae in antarctic waters and the main food for krill. It is only 20 micrometer long. Phytoplankton in Antarctica live only in the uppermost 50 to 75 meter with a maximum at 25 meters. Other important species are Chaetoceros atlanticum, Corethron criophilum, Dactyliosolen antarcticus, Thalassiotrix antarcticum, Rhizosolenia alata, Rhizosolenia styliformis and Thalassiosira tumida. It has been estimated that the productivity of antarctic waters is on the average 134 mg of carbon per square meter per day, this equates to an annual production of 6.5 * 10 ⁹ metric tonnes assuming that the area of antarctic water is about 3.2 * 10 ⁷ km ². Seals consume approximately 8.5 * 10 ⁵ metric tons of food per year (about 90 % krill) thus about 1.3 % of the total annual production is consumed by seals, a reasonable figure (Holm-Hansen et al., 1977).

[Bearbeiten] Ice algae

Ice algae The lower strata of the sea ice is full of little chanells which form when the ice develops and saline water seperates from the ice. These chanells are home for several hundredth of diatom species (Nitzschia stellata, Berkeleya antarctica, Synedropsis spp., Thalassiosira antarctica, Prorosira pseudodenticulata, Stellarima microtrias), dinoflagellates, worms and bacteria. The ice is often discolored greenish brown. These ice algae contribute to 30 % of the productivity of the polar ocean and are harvested by krill (Legendre et al., 1992).

[Bearbeiten] Copepods

Copepods

[Bearbeiten] Krill

Antarctic Krill (peer reviewed timestage): the central organism in the antarctic ecosystem

try our virtual microscope on krill - visit a K12 server in Sydney

visit the Underwater Antarctica Field Guide and try for the identification exercise on different krill and amphipods.

[Bearbeiten] Fish

Icefish Many fish in the antarctic lack haemoglobin and their blood is clear. Antarctic Toothfish, Patagonian Toothfish, Pleuragramma, Antarctic Dragonfish.

[Bearbeiten] Benthos

Benthos

[Bearbeiten] Penguins

Penguin

The most abundant penguins are the Adelie Penguins living on the beaches around Antarctica, on the high latitude islands and on the continent. They feed predominantly on krill and some say they are the largest biomass of large animals on the planet. A most remarkable lifestyle has the Emperor Penguin, migrating inland at the onset of winter to carry the egg in the cold season. In the moderate zones and on the islands live the Chinstrap Penguins and Gentoo Penguins and the King Penguin.

[Bearbeiten] other Birds

Albatross - the pinnacle of aerodynamic evolution. Beautiful are also the Black-Browed Albatross and the Grey-Headed Albatross and Sooty Albatross. Mollymawks are medium sized Albatrosses common around Antarctica. Petrells. In the penguin colonies Skuas feast on eggs and juveniles.

[Bearbeiten] Mammals

Crabeater Seal, take 94 % krill and 3 % fish. They take 73 Million tons of krill in the antarctic packice.

Weddell Seal, take 53 % fish, 11 % cephalopods and 36 % other invertebrates.

Ross Seal, take 22 % fish, 64 % cephalopods and 14 % other invertebrates including some krill.

Leopard Seal take 37 % krill 11 % other invertebrates including cephalopods, 13 % fish and 39 % birds, seals and carrion (Oeritsland 1977).

All these seals live in the packice zone. On the subantarctic Islands also the Southern Elephant Seal can be found, feeding on fish and cephalopods.

[Bearbeiten] Whales

Blue Whale, Finn Whale, Minke Whale, Sei Whale., Humpback Whale, Killer Whale.

An incredibly sucessful whale hunting has been performed from Grytviken on South Georgia. Whaling. In 80 years far more whales have been killed in Antarctica than in 300 years in the northern hemisphere. Between 1904 and 1986 1,5 million whales have been slaughtered, at the peak 30 000 Blue Whales per year, later 48 000 Finn Whales. The stock size of Blue Whales before 1904 was 220 000, today there are only 700 left, Finn Whale 490 000 and 20 000, Sei Whale 200 000 and 38 000. The biggest mistake in antarctic whaling was that first the Blue Whale was hunted down, then the Finn Whale, then the Sei Whale. If all species would have been hunted at an intermediate level a high yield could have been sustained until today. In the season 1986/87 whaling in Antarctica stopped.

[Bearbeiten] Food Web

see article on Krill

[Bearbeiten] Instrumentation and new investigation strategies

Autosub - platforms - stations - remote stations - pumps - nets - sediment traps - in situ cameras - new under ice strategies - voyager

[Bearbeiten] Carbon Sequestration

In the Southern Ocean waters from the depths of the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans depths come back to the light flooded strata causing large algae blooms. However these blooms do not use up all nutrients and do not develop into full strength because iron is missing. It has been postulated by Martin that small injections of iron will trigger large blooms, and if they sink down much carbon is sequestered into the abyss where it stays for 1000 years: Iron fertilization. A fleet of tankers in the Southern Ocean spreading iron could help to compensate for CO2 emissions of mankind.

"It makes little sense to run highly calibrated chemical measurements on trap material" (JUMAS 1993)

[Bearbeiten] Epilog

Outreach and discussion these extreme ecosystems are very well suited to demonstrate basic concepts of oceanography at the advanced undergraduate level, because of the extremes in physiology and morphology, the wide ranges of physical parameters and its effects on biological processes, as well as their interface with global phenomena. The findings will be related to work in moderate zones, to general principles of marine sciences, to ocean foodchains and for large scale toxicology tracing. It will compare traditional approaches to new developments in oceanography instrumentation and strategies, discussed with examples currently developed within RUTGERS projects like LEO15, remote sensing and photonics with "current events" like scanning for life with new remote technology under the ice of Antarctica. Contacts to scientists and work conducted from the USA, mainly operating out of Florida, California and Texas, will be established as an example of international cooperations, with links as far reaching as setting the stage for investigations and testing of equipment for future space missions to search for unknown life down under ice of Lake Vostok and the Jupiter moon Europa

[Bearbeiten] Literature

• database on polar literature

• BONNER W & WALTON D 1989 ANTARCTICA - Key Environments, Ed. Pergamon Press, Oxford

• LOEB V, SIEGEL V, HOLM-HANSEN O, HEWITT R, FRASER W, TRIVELPIECE W, TRIVELPIECE R S 1997 Effects of sea-ice extent and krill or salp dominance on the Antarctic food web. Nature 387, 897-900

• Biologie der Polarmeere Hempel I, Hempel G, ed. Erlebnisse und Ergebnisse (Biology of the polar oceans) Fischer Jena - Stuttgart - New York, ISBN 3-334-60950-2

optional

• MARR J W S 1962 The natural history and geography of the Antarctic Krill Euphausia superba - Discovery report 32:33-464

• PAVLOV V Y 1970 On the physiology of feeding in Euphausia superba.- Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR 196: 1477-1480 - Translation by All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Marine Fisheries and Oceanography, Moscow

• Holm-Hansen O, El-Sayed S Z, Franceschini G A & Cuhel R L 1977 Primary Production and the Factors Controlling Phytoplankton Growth in the Southern Ocean. In: Adaptations Within Antarctic Ecosystems, Proceedings of the Third SCAR Symposium on Antarctic Biology, Llano G A ed. 11 - 50

• Oritsland T 1977 Food Consumption of Seals in the Pack Ice Zone In: Adaptations Within Antarctic Ecosystems, Proceedings of the Third SCAR Symposium on Antarctic Biology, Llano G A ed. 749-768

• KILS 1978 UMSCHAU - Scientific European 78 Heft 13 Seite 1-2

• KILS U & KLAGES N 1979 Der Krill. Naturwissenschaftliche Rundschau 10: Seite 397 - 402

• McWHINNIE M A & DENYS C J 1980 The high importance of lowly krill - Natural History 89: 66-73

• HEMPEL 1981 BIOMASS UMSCHAU - Scientific European 81 Heft 13 Seite 401-405

• KILS U 1982 Swimming behaviour, Swimming Performance and Energy Balance of BIOMASS Scientific Series 3, BIOMASS Research Series - Southern Ocean Ecosystems and their living resources, initiated & Editor Sayed El-Sayed, Texas A & M University, 122 p - also on free server of Wikisource in preparation

• ANTEZANA T & RAY K 1983 Aggregation of Euphausia superba as an adaptive group strategy to the antarctic ecosystem. In: Berichte zur Polarforschung, Alfred Wegener Institut fuer Polarforschung, Sonderheft 4 (1983) On the biology of Krill Euphausia superba, Proceedings of the Seminar and Report of Krill Ecology Group, Editor S. B. Schnack, pages 199-215

• KILS U 1983 Swimming and feeding of Antarctic Krill, Euphausia superba - some outstanding energetics and dynamics - some unique morphological details. In: Berichte zur Polarforschung, Alfred Wegener Institut fuer Polarforschung, Sonderheft 4 (1983) On the biology of Krill Euphausia superba, Proceedings of the Seminar and Report of Krill Ecology Group, Editor S. B. Schnack, pages 130 -155 and title page image

• ALBERTI G & KILS U 1983 Light- and Electron Microscopical Studies on the Anatomy and function of the Gills of Krill (Euphausiacea, Crustacea) Polar Biol 1: 233-242

• McCLATCHIE S & BOYD C 1983 Morphological study of seive efficiencies and mandibular surface in the Antarctic krill Euphausia superba - Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 40: 955-967

• HAMNER W M, HAMMNER PP, STRAND S W, GILMER R W 1983 Behavior of Antarctic krill Euphausia superba: Chemoreception, feeding, schooling and molting - Science 220:433-435

• BOYD C M, HEYRAUD M, BOYD C N1984 Feeding of Antarctic krill Euphausia superba - Journal of Crustacean Biology 4 (special volume no. 1): 123-141

• HAMNER W M 1984 Aspects of schooling in Euphausia superba - Journal of Crustacean Biology 4 (special volume no. 1): 67-74

• HEMPEL G 1985 Antarctic Marine Food Webs. In: Antarctic Nutrient Cycles and Food Webs. Ed. SIEGFRIED W R, CONDY P R & LAWS RM 266 - 270

• QUETIN L B & ROSS R M 1985 Feeding by : Does size matter? In :SIEGFRIED W R, CONDRY P R LAWS R M eds.., Antarctic nutrient cycles and food webs. p 372-377 Springer Verlag Berlin

• EL-SAYED S 1985 Plankton of the Antarctic Seas. In: ANTARCTICA - Key Environments, Ed. BONNER W & WALTON D, Pergamon Press, Oxford pp 135 - 154

• ROSS R M & QUETIN L B 1986 How productive are Antarctic krill? Bioscience, 36(4), 264-269

• MARSCHALL P 1988 The overwintering strategy of Antarctic krill under the pack ice of the Weddell Sea - Polar Biol 9: 129 - 135

• HAMNER B 1988 Biomechanics of filter feeding in the Antarctic krill Euphausia superba: Review of past work and new observations. Journal of Crustacean Biology 8 (2) 149-163

• KILS U 1988 Was hat der Nord-Ostsee-Kanal mit der Antarktisforschung zu tun? - Mitteilungen des Canal-Vereins 9:161-165

• MILLER D G & HAMPTON I 1989 Biology and ecology of the Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba): a review. BIOMASS Vol. 9, Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research, Cambridge, England, 168pp.

• NICOL S 1989 Who's counting on krill? New Scientist, 1690: 38-41.

• NICOL S 1991 The age-old problem of krill longevity. Bioscience, 40 (11), 833-836.

• SIEGEL DA GRANATA TC MICHAELS AF DICKEY TD 1990 Mesoscale eddy diffusion, particle sinking, and the interpretation of sediment trap data. Journal of Geophysical Research 95 5305 - 5311

• Legendre L, Ackley S F, Dieckmann G S, Gulliksen B, Horner R, Hoshiai T, Melnikov I A, Reeburgh W S, Spindler M, Sullivan C W 1992 Ecology of sea ice biota. Global significance. Polar Biol 12: 429 - 444

• NICOL S & de la MARE W K 1993 Ecosystem management and the Antarctic krill. American Scientist 81 (No. 1), pp. 36-47.

• KILS U & MARSCHALL P 1995 Der Krill, wie er schwimmt und frisst - neue Einsichten mit neuen Methoden (The antarctic krill - feeding and swimming performances - new insights with new methods) In Hempel I, Hempel G, Biologie der Polarmeere - Erlebnisse und Ergebnisse (Biology of the polar oceans) Fischer Jena - Stuttgart - New York, 201-207 (and images p 209-210)

• JOCHEM F 1998 Eis und Biologie. mare 6, 76 - 78

• KINNEAR J & MARTIN M 2000 Nature of Biology Book 1, 2nd edition John Wiley & Sons Australia 0-545